There are several approaches to the concept of "Filed" in the classical THEORY of ELECTROMAGNETISM; Operationalism and Realism are two important strategies in this regard. I this paper the Realistic view of Marc Lang is introduced as well as the empiricist views of Carnap and Bridgman. Lang in his famous book "An Introduction to the Philosophy of Physics" suggests two essential questions about "action at distance" and "reality of fields" and after a proper discussion conclude that the Classical Physics is not capable of dissolving the problems relating the locality and the ontology of energy and field, and it is the mission of the Special THEORY of Relativity.

One of the factors that can be the link between our intentions and actions and their external consequences is human agency, which indicates the conscious design and intentional execution of actions by the individual in order to influence future events.Objective and Method: This research with a developmental approach of psychometric method and method 1, examines the psychometric indices of the Human Factor Characteristics Scale using the classical THEORY of test score measurement and the graduated question-answer THEORY. The purpose of this study, which included high school students in Tehran, was selected by cluster sampling of 500 people as a sample size and statistical analysis was performed on 481 data. To collect the data, the ion Human Agent Characteristics Scale (2011) was used and the research questions were evaluated using IRTPRO and SPSS software.Results:The assumption of local independence based on Pearson x2 index was established by applying Simjima's calibrated question-answer THEORY and the assumption of being one-dimensional based on the analysis of multidimensional question-answer THEORY. Diagnosis parameters with question-answer approach and classical approach Test score Both item 25 approach had the lowest and item 2 had the highest diagnosis parameter. The answer thresholds for all the questions were so far apart that no option was covered by the other option, and the options were independently selected by individuals at intervals of theta. The total scale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.945, intentionality of 0.894, foresight of 0.780, self-reactivity of 0.871 and rethinking of 0.762. Also, the role of each item in internal consistency was investigated by the loop method, which all questions had a favorable role in internal consistency of this scale. The value of the validity coefficient obtained from the question-answer THEORY was obtained by marginal method for intentionality 0.92, forethought 0.85, self-reaction 0.91, rethinking 0.83..

Fixed charge solid transportation problem (FCSTP) is one of the main and most important problems in transportation and network research areas. To tackle such an NP-hard problem, An ELECTROMAGNETISM-like algorithm (EM) is employed. To the best of our knowledge, EM has been considered for any kind of transportation problems. Due to the significant role of parameters on the algorithm’s performance, a calibration in EM is carried out with the aid of a set of experimental design. The efficiency of employed parameters is measured by the experimental design method. To evaluate the performance of the proposed EM, a computational study has been conducted and the associated results obtained by the EM are compared with simulated annealing algorithm (SA).

This paper considers open-shop scheduling with no intermediate buffer to minimize total tardiness. This problem occurs in many production settings, in the plastic molding, chemical, and food processing industries. The paper mathematically formulates the problem by a mixed integer linear program. The problem can be optimally solved by the model. The paper also develops a novel metaheuristic based on an ELECTROMAGNETISM algorithm to solve the large-sized problems. The paper conducts two computational experiments. The first includes small-sized instances by which the mathematical model and general performance of the proposed metaheuristic are evaluated. The second evaluates the metaheuristic for its performance to solve some large-sized instances. The results show that the model and algorithm are effective to deal with the problem.

The dynamic nature of projects and the fact that they are carried out in changing environments, justify the need for their periodic monitoring and control. Collection of information about the performance of projects at control points costs money. The corrective actions that may need to be taken to bring the project in line with the plan also costs money. On the other hand, penalties are usually imposed when due to “no monitoring” policies projects are delivered later than expected. Thence, this paper addresses two fundamental questions in this regard. First question concerns the optimal frequency of control during the life cycle of a project. The second question concerns the optimal timing of control points. Our solution methodology consists of a simulation-optimization model that optimizes the timing of control points using the attraction-repulsion mechanisms borrowed from the ELECTROMAGNETISM THEORY. A mathematical model is also used to optimally expedite the remaining part of the project when possible delays are to be compensated.

An ELECTROMAGNETISM algorithm is a meta-heuristic proposed to derive approximate solutions for computationally hard problems. In the literature, several successful applications have been reported for graph-based optimization problems, such as scheduling problems. This paper presents an application of the ELECTROMAGNETISM algorithm to supplier selection in a production planning process where there are multiple products and multiple customers and also capacity constraints. We consider a situation where the demand quantity of multiple discrete products is known over a planning horizon. The required raw material for each of these products can be purchased from a set of approved suppliers. Also, a demand-dependent delivery time (due date) and maximum delivery time (deadline) apply for each demand. Problems containing all these assumptions have not been addressed previously in the literature. A decision needs to be made regarding what raw material to order and in what quantities, which suppliers and, finally, at which periods. Numerical results indicate that the ELECTROMAGNETISM algorithm exhibits impressive performances with small error ratios. The results support the success of the ELECTROMAGNETISM algorithm application to the supplier selection problem of interest.

In this paper, two different sub-problems are considered to solve a resource constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP), namely i) assignment of modes to tasks and ii) scheduling of these tasks in order to minimize the make span of the project. The modified ELECTROMAGNETISM-like algorithm deals with the first problem to create an assignment of modes to activities. This list is used to generate a project schedule. When a new assignment is made, it is necessary to fix all mode dependent requirements of the project activities and to generate a random schedule with the serial SGS method. A local search will optimize the sequence of the activities. Also in this paper, a new penalty function has been proposed for solutions which are infeasible with respect to non-renewable resources. Performance of the proposed algorithm has been compared with the best algorithms published so far on the basis of CPU time and number of generated schedules stopping criteria. Reported results indicate excellent performance of the algorithm.